Ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi i au mamuli

Aeee mea kanu, fungi a me nā holoholona he poe ekolu eiiiiiaiou e like me ka nucleus, cytoplasm me ke aupuni 'ma loko o laila, a inclusions organelles a me ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ke Kernel He kuleana no ka ho'āhu aaiaoe mea i palapala ia ma luna o ka DNA, a me kahu ai i nā mea a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana keena. Ke cytoplasm kekahi mau organelles, kela mea keia mea o ka a i kona mau helehelena, e like me, no ka laʻana, hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha waiwai, ke kelepona hele ka hanu, ke kelepona hele digestion, a no laila, ma luna o. D. A ke keʻena o ka mea hope, e e kūkākūkā i aku au mamuli o keia Haawina.

He aha ka kaʻili lahilahi i loko o kālaimeaola?

Ma na mea hua'ōlelo, ka mea, o ka iwi. Naʻe, ka mea, Ua pau loa impenetrable,ʻaʻole e mau ana. Kokoke mau ka mea, 'ae' ia kekahi mau waiwai amo ma kaʻili lahilahi.

I cytologyʻili lahilahi hiki ke maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhi ano mau. Ka mua - o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi e uhi i ka halepaahao. Ka lua - i kaʻili lahilahi organelles. Aia organelles i i kekahi a mau membranes. By odnomembrannym nā ka Golgi nakeke, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lysosomes. By dvumembrannym no plastids a me mitochondria.

Nō hoʻi, nā membranes hiki e nā loko organelles. I hookuu ia o ka pāʻili lahilahi dvumembrannyh nā mea loaʻa organelles.

Pehea i dvumembrannyhʻili lahilahi organelles?

Ma plastids a me mitochondria mau leho. Ka mawahoʻili lahilahi organelles a elua i laumania, akā, i ka na pepa e pono ai no ka functioning o ka organelle 'ole.

Penei, mitochondrial iwi i loko nā wānana waiwai - cristae paha kualono. Ia ia, a he mea i ka pōʻaiapuni o Nine Inch reactions e pono ai no ke kelepona hele ka hanu.

Loko mai o ka pāʻili lahilahi o chloroplasts i pā hōkū-hoʻokino pouches - thylakoids. Ka mea, e ohi i ka wahie - grana. Hui pu iho la kanaka maka interconnected ma ka mea o ka lamella - lōʻihi nā hale i kekahi hana, mai ka membranes.

Ka 'ole o ka membranes o organelles odnomembrannyh

Ma kēia mau organelles,ʻili lahilahi wale. He nō kāu he pahee wahī iloko olaila o lipids a me nā polokina.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka halepaahao

Kaʻili lahilahi ninoieo o ka waiwai e like me lipids a me nā polokina. Ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi hoʻolako kona mānoanoa ma ka 7-11 HI. Ke bulk o kaʻili lahilahi lipids hoʻohui pū.

Ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi hoʻolako i ke alo i loko o ka mea, o na papa elua. Mua - he papalua ahu iho la ka phospholipids, a me ka lua o ka -, ahu iho nā polokina.

Nā lipids o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi

Lipids, a he hapa o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, e māheleʻia i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu: steroid, sphingophospholipids a me glycerophospholipids. ka hope lātoma ua haku o ka trihydric waiʻona glycerol koena, aiʻelua o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma o hydroxyl pūʻulu i hookomoia me ka momomaʻakika nā kaula hao, oiai ke kolu o ka hydrogen'Ātoma o ka hydroxyl pae - phosphoricʻakika koena, a, ma ka huli, pili ana i ke koena o kekahi o ka nitrogenous kumu.

Glycerophospholipids lātoma hiki ke maheleia i mau māhele: i ka poo a me ka huelo. Hydrophilic poo (.. Ie, insoluble i loko o ka wai), a me ka huelo - hydrophobic (ka mea, repel ka wai, akā, wailana i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe). Manawa a hiki i kēia 'ole hiki ke kapa glycerophospholipids amphiphilic lātoma, m. F., A hydrophobic a me hydrophilic ka poʻe.

Sphingophospholipids like i loko o Nine Inch 'ole i ka glycerophospholipids. Akā, ka mea, oko mai o ka luna i loko o ka 'ole kahi o ke koena o ka glycerol i ka loaʻa pākeu o ka waiʻona sphingosine. Lākou nā lātoma no hoi i mau poʻo a me ka huelo.

Ke kiʻi ma lalo maopopo hiki 'ole kiʻikuhi o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi.

Wai kokoʻili lahilahi nā polokina

Like no nā polokina pili ana i ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, ia mea ka hapanui glycoproteins.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi o ka iwi hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu:ʻike ākea, a integral. Ka mua - ka poʻe e noho ana ma luna o ka ili o kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka lua o ka - e ka poe i komo iloko o ka holoʻokoʻa mānoanoa o ka iwi, a ma loko o ka lipid, ahu iho.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mana hoʻokōʻia e nā polokina, ka mea hiki ke maheleia i eha pūʻulu: nā'ūhū, mall, amo a me ka mea loaʻa.

A pau nā polokina e i loaʻa i loko o ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi ua ole chemically me phospholipids pili. No laila, ka mea hiki ke holo i ke alalai ole i loko o ka waihona ipu, ahu iho o kaʻili lahilahi, e houluulu ma ka pūʻulu, a no laila, ma luna o. D. No ia mea, ke kumu o ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o aeee,ʻaʻole hiki ke kapaia kūpaʻa. He hōʻeuʻeu, e like me ka mau iki.

He aha a Mānoa i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi?

Ka 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi e leie aku ia e Makuakane me ka mana elima.

Ka mea mua a me ka papa kuhikuhiE - no ka hoʻohāiki 'i ka cytoplasm. Me keia halepaahao i kekahi mau shape a me ka nui. Ka hooko ana o keia kuleana pili i ua hoʻolako 'ia e ka mea i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka ikaika a me ka laholio.

Ka lua o ka kūlana - ka hoʻolako 'aeea-aeea hui' ana. Manawa i kona kohoʻia i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka holoholona aeee ke hana protuberances a me nā pā ma kā lākou mau ami.

ʻO kekahi hana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi - amo. Ua Ua lako pono e kuikawa nā polokina. Mahalo iā ia, i ka makemake waiwai hiki ke kaʻi aku i loko o ka halepaahao a me ka neoneo - manaʻo o ia.

Eia hou, i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi hanaʻia i ke kuleana pili i enzymatic. lawe no hoi ia mai i ke aloha i na nā polokina.

A me ka mea hope kuleana pili i - pū waikaua. No ka mea, na nā polokina i paku ole ia i kekahi mau olelo e hoʻololi lākou māhele 'ole, i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o keena e hoouna aku no lepa.

Ano, e ike no a pau o na membranes: He aha ka kaʻili lahilahi kālaimeaola, mea ka mea e, pehea e? Ieoaeunoai i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi a me kaʻili lahilahi organelles, a hana lakou i hana.