Ho okumu, Moʻolelo
He aha ka ka mōʻaukala kumu: examples a me ke ano o ke kumu
Këia i ka mōʻaukala, oe e ike i maoli mai ai ma waena o ka hope hanana a me nā kiʻi, e like me ia i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka buke o ka moʻolelo, he mea he intermediary nui. He mōʻaukala kahi. Aloha i, i kekahi mōʻaukala study hoʻomaka wale nō me ka heluhelu i nā palapala i loaʻa a pau o ia wā. Wale nō ma keʻano o nā palapala o nā wā a me ka poe loea e pili ana i keia manawa wā mawaena, e like ai ia kekahi? Aeiino? O nā hanana hiki ke paa.
walaʻauʻana wehewehena i
No laila, e nā ai ka manaʻo o "mōʻaukala kumu"? Ka 'epekema hiki ke no laila, kapaʻia nā mea a pau i koena hoike ana o ka hala, i mākou e hāʻawi aku i ka Pahuhopu kiʻi o ka mea i hanaia. O ka holo ana, he nui na kekahi mau Mea Maluna o kaʻikepili o keia ano keia ano, i kohoia e na wahi lulu, a na moʻolelo a me nā archaeologists. Pela mea, ma ka manao o ke koʻikoʻi noiʻi, mōʻaukala kumu? Definition o kekahi o ia, e hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka pauku.
No ka laʻana, Ln Honolulu Pushkarev wehewehe i ke kēia mau 'ano:
• hoike o ka palapala ano keia ano.
• ka maoli mōʻaukala kumu.
• Information i loaa mai i ka hopena o yoiia? Noiʻi.
• Ku una mooolelo i i hala aku ia, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku.
• ka'ōlelo hōʻike.
• Film a me Hawaii photo chronicle.
• Recordings. Mau mōʻaukala kumu (a me kā lākou Mea Maluna like hoʻi) i kŘpa a hou, akā, e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka manawa, e lohe i ka leo o ka poʻe i hoʻoholo i ka hopena o ke ao nei i kekahi mau makahiki aku nei!
Mea Maluna Schmidt
Koke ma mua mākou manawa, ma ka makahiki 1985, S. O. Schmidt laila'ōlelo akula kekahi i kekahi mau mea hou piha Mea Maluna, hoʻoholo 'ana e hana ia ano a me subtypes. Ai kā ka mea, o ka mōʻaukala kumu? Hoʻoholo 'ana o? Ueony, ua lawe mai ia ma lalo nei.
1. E like me ia ma ka mua hihia, a pau nā mea hoike i loko o kā lākou 'ano: mai sculptures i ka hale neoneo loaʻa i hanaʻeliʻana.
2. Sources e pili pū ana i ka pilikia makapō kilokilo:
i) ka Film (a me ka ho film For the);
b) Kimia (canvases, na mea sketches);
c) ka Kimia-maoli (kiʻi o ka maʻamau hale palapala).
3. Sources o ka waha 'type:
i) ku una ha mōʻaukala kumu, a me nā mea a pau olelo a me nāʻano likeʻole o ka 'ōlelo' ano apau loa;
b) nā loina, a me pohihihi keia kauoha, loaʻa wale nō i loko o kekahi mau mea;
c) a pau i kākau kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ke ana nou, a hiki i ka mea a ka mea e pili ana, no ka mea manao ole hana; Aloha kau, i ka bureaucratic papa inoa o ka mea e haawi aku i ka nui oi oiaio a me ka hulina kiʻi o ko ke ao nei ma mua o ke kauoha aku i aponoia puke paha chronicle; i ka ia ano o ka pili a me ka shorthand.
4.ʻike mau mōʻaukala kumu o ka ike. Ua memo, i kapa i na alchemists a me chemists, astronomers a me ka poe kilo, waiwai contraction, a no laila, ma luna o. D.
5. 'ano' ike. Mau nā ole wale na rituals a me ka aoao o primitive ohana, akā, i hui kālepa a me na moolelo o ke kālā no hui, i kona aʻa e hele hoʻi a hiki i ka ia primitive hilinaʻi.
6. Sound. Me kēiaʻano o kaʻikepili mea maopopo: ka mea, o kekahi kākau soundtrack o ka mōʻaukala wā.
Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ka mōʻaukala kumu, a me ko lakou Mea Maluna - no hoi, aole i vague manaʻo. Like hou pūnaewele iauaeoia a me EYI o ka 'ike, a pau kēia mau kahua e e hoʻonui a reinterpreted. I ka mea loaʻa mōʻaukala kumu.
He aha e hoʻolohe i extracting ike, mai ka palapala?
I ka hana ana me kekahi hoike o ka makahiki, pono e malama i ka manao nui koke nō i elua.
1. nui! E ole e lawe i ke kumu o ka hale ahu waiwai o ke hoomakaukau pane. Oe e kiʻi wale nō ka 'ike wale ia mau mea me ka nānā' ole i ka i 'oe ke kau a me ka loulou me kou na hōʻike ma ka lima. Ma keia manao, he mea lawehala loa nui memo a me ka hoike o ka ano o statisticians a me archivists, a, mamua o kona nohoaliʻi "ilihune", pinepine iloko o ka hailonaʻana no maikaʻi kēia 'ike. Mau mōʻaukala kumu a me ke ano o ka townsfolk hooku iho la ia "lapuwale pepa", eia nae i kekahi manawa ka mea, e oiaio priceless!
2. I ole hihia mai e lawe i ka mana, e like me ka Pahuhopu noʻonoʻo o ko ke ao nei e like me ka mea i hanaia e kekahi mea i kā lākou mau manaʻo. He loa nui ka mea i ka manawa e nana ma ke ahiahi hookiekieia, a ua hoano e ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao!
Not ia e unfounded ma ka hope wahi, e wehewehe iā mākou. E lawe i ke kaua kaulana Aleksandra Nevskogo me ka Swedes. E hoʻomaka me ka, mea i Lūkini moʻolelo kanalua no ka ike o ka ike maopopo o ka mea i hiki mai ai, ina wale no ka mea i loko o Kuekene palapala loaʻa nō i palapala hoike o ia kaua.
Paha ka mea, makemake e malama i noho malie e pili ana i ka hana 'ia. He hiki i wahi lulu kakaolelo (o ka "mea mai luna", e like me ka mea, i kēia manawa leʻaleʻa o ka'īʻana mai) wale hooku iho la ia me ka lalani o keʻa-palenaʻehu like me ka'ōlohe wiwo kaua. Ka mea a ka mea, ua, akā, ia mea mau kumukuai o kéu na kumu i hoakakaia ma na aoao elua.
Eia hou, i ka i nāʻoihana aliʻi (a pinepine aku ma Europe) pinepine i ka hua'ōlelo "pouli". Ka pouli koa, kauwā pouli, pouli rooks kaua ... Pehea 'aʻole a pau keia olelo? Inā e hoʻomaka mai ka Mongolian tumens, ka "pouli" pili i ka helu o ka poe koa o ka 10 000. A mea, i mea ia kaua me ka Swedes, ka wā o ka muliwai i "pouli" o ko lākou mau moku, e hele mai a pau na moku o ia wā? Ka apuepue. Eia ke hele mai i kekahi kēia lākiō - i ke ano.
ma ke ano o
Kēia hua'ōlelo 'o ia hoʻi, e ho'āʻo i ka pohihihi mai mea like me ka mea kākau i loko o na ano o na olelo a me ka' aoʻao i ka i loaʻa i loko o kāna hana. Ma ka loa ano, he mea nui, ao ke ano ekolu.
1. First, he kanaka maoli kahi o ka maʻiʻo. Oe E mau hoʻokokoke i nā palapala Home Land ka noho pilikia, aole loa i ka olelo i i manaoio i ka hoike, a i haawi mai ai ma laila.
2. Ina ma ka makaukau ana o ka palapala i ka uwao (transcriber, unuhi), ia mea pono, e hoʻolohe i kona mau manaʻo a me ka hoohalike ana hoi, (ina kekahi). O ka hana ana, ma keia hihia, he mea nui e lawe i loko, no ka mea e like ai o ka kumukanawai, i hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka palapala hōʻoia o ka hoʻoponopono.
3. Eia hoi, i kou mau naauao a me ka hoomaopopo ana o ke kumu.
Ma ka hope Ina, ka noiʻi hele 'ana i ka Ikepili o kona? Ueony aeaiiuo. He loa nui ia e hiki ke nana aku i mau hanana ma nā maka o nā wā, no ka mea a ka mea au ua loa maoli. Pono haawi aku ke kanaka noiʻi lākou ho'ākāka 'ana iho o ka pono o ke kumu, e hilinai ana ma luna o mākou iho ike, a i hiki ke pili ia lakou, e hoomalu aku i ko lakou wahi i loko o ke alo o nā kānakaʻepekema.
I hoomanao i kekahi mōʻaukala kumu,, pono i ole wale ia hoʻi, akā, i hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi examples o a oe e lawe mai!
He oi loa nui, e hoike aku i ke kāʻei kua o ka palapala, e loaʻa mai ana, ai 'ole kahiko o ka'āina, e like me ka mea kākau o "ma waena o na laina". He mea pono e lawe i ka mooolelo a pau, ao ke ano a me ka hiki ke ano o nā hua'ōlelo i loaʻa i loko o ke kumu. E hana ia maʻalahi ka maopopo, noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka "opiuma o na kanaka."
He aha ahahui ia i kekahi 'aoʻao o ke i kekahi laekahi kanaka? Wale i ka hopena maikaʻi. Ia manawa, i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope ke kenekulia, ke heroin kuaiia ma keʻena kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau like me ka "cough kulu", a hiki opiuma, mai kahiko manawa i noʻonoʻo aneane i ka papa kuhikuhiE painkiller e hiki höʻike aku i kekahi eha. E ike i ka unuhi? First Kumu i ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o kēia mau hua'ōlelo i ka kiko'ī e ku pono ana i kaʻikena cia.
hoʻololi kemikala
Wale eʻohi ana i ka 'ike ma hope o' oe ke hoʻomaka e generalize kā lākou hana a hiki i ka hopena. A pau keia ua kapaia hoʻololi kemikala. Kēia mea he nui loa ka hoʻokahuli, no ka mea, a hiki ma ka loaʻano hōʻoio, pololei a me ka ike loea 'ike hiki ke hōʻike ma nā mea a pau mau mea i loaʻaa, a makemake i ka pono.
Variability o nā kumu, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mōʻaukala wā
Mākou e mai poina i ka hoʻokō 'ia o nā kumu i loko o kekahi manawa o ka moolelo, e lawe i ke paʻi ana o kēlā me kēia makahiki. A me keia mea,ʻaʻole he metaphorical olelo, e like me ia ma kaʻokoʻa manawa o ka moolelo i aponoia he okoa e hoʻokokoke like me ke ao, a me ka hoakaka ana o ka palapala.
No ka laʻana, palapala ka 17th a me ka 18th kenekulia hiki e hookoaia ma kekahi hou a emi hoʻonaʻauao kanaka, e like me ka hana keaka nā loli i malama i loko o kā lākou kaila.
No laila, i keia manawa dramatically maoli i ka nui o Documentary hōʻike, akā, i ka maʻiʻo o kela a me keia o ia mea pili kēia Nohie. Akā, ua nui aku kona nui o ka mea ia i ka manawa o ka mea mua helehelena o ka hele ana no hoi nunui kumu o ka 'ike mai i hiki i mua o ka nui hopena ma luna o kēlā mau Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka, ka poe i kaʻeleu loa i loko o ka ulu ana o ka mea a pau aupuni. Eia hou kekahi, i loko o kēlā mau makahiki, e hele kokoke i ka laekahi manao i nā 'ikepili helu a me ka palapala o ka hikiāloa ka ana hōʻoiaʻiʻo.
A pau o kēia mau mōʻaukala kumu, nā pūʻulu o a mākou i hōʻike luna, e ole wale lawa ike loea, akā, i loa Pahuhopu, i ka mōʻaukala kuanaʻike - frustratingly kākaʻikahi loaʻa nā 'ia.
Periodicals a journalism ua ma luna o ia au paha oi ole ma mua o nā kulanui a pau 'ole i loko o ka paipai' ana i kekahi mau manaʻo. Ua hoʻomaka he ākea me ka kumu, memoirs a me biographies. He mea nui loa wale no o ka mea e mākou keʻike i ka kaʻina hana o e kukulu i ka ho'ākāka personalities o ka poe mōʻaukala manawa, e mālama i nā hoʻololi i loko o kā lākou mau worldviews.
Lūkini paradox
No ka laʻana, kekahi poʻe paʻa moʻolelo i kapa i ke kahua kahi o ka loa kahiko mōʻaukala kumu 13-14 kenekulia i loko o mākou aupuni aʻo ma ka mea maikaʻi kumu o ke kakahiaka nui, a ka hapalua like 20th kenekulia. Eia naʻe, aohe paradoxical e pili ana i keia mea,ʻaʻole lea.
A pau mākou hoomanawanui Power i ua hoano e ekolu Hope, me ka eha nui kaua (i helu i ka unreal dala o i nā mea i hana ') no ka haneri makahiki. A pau keia hanaʻia i loko o ka noho alii ana o ka elima aupuni ē aʻei kūpono i pomaikai ae la lakou kekahi i kekahi. Mai poina e pili ana i ka weliweli aneiai hou ', a ke Akua i waeʻia i kēia wā,ʻaʻole hoʻi Stolypin nā mea hoʻololi, aole hoi me ka hana ana o ka mea hookahi Krasnoyarka HPP i loko o kēlā mau makahiki wale, aohe ana analogues wale aku no.
Ka mea i loko o 1905 haʻalele i ka'āina o ka loa mamao-mau maka kanaka i loko o nā Memories kahi au e loaʻa i ka lawa piha a me ka pololei wānana o ka'opi o ke aupuni a pau. I 1918-1924 i loko o ka Old a me New World emigrated he manawa e pakele ai i ka alii ohana lala a me ka pilina, akā, i kākoʻo kahiko o ka Bolsheviks, o kona ike ana i ke ao nei i fundamentally okoa mai kekahi i kekahi,ʻaʻole wale.
He aha nā palapala i loa waiwai no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i?
I inaina e ae aku, akā, a hiki i kēia manawa, he nui nä känaka 'epekema a me ka kekahi hilinaʻiʻole a me ka skepticism i kau hana, oihana kumuhana, periodicals. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻohe emi'ē ia mea no ka mea i na memoirs o na mea he nui noiʻi i ikeʻaneʻane nō e like me ka hoike ana mai ma luna kiʻekiʻe, ka mea hope loa oiaio. Kēia heluia, - i ka hewa manomano me neia, no ka mea, o ka i neia manawa, ua nui mōʻaukala hewa a me inaccuracies.
A pau i kēia mau mōʻaukala kumu a me ke ano pono e biased a kālailai i ka au mamuli o na hihia!
I loko nō o ka mea i memoirs e e manao me he hoʻokahi wale nō Documentary, a hiki i ka nui loa kekahi ano moʻokalaleo, kā lākou objectivity mea kekahi manawa he nui pukana. Ka ua Skorzeny i loko o kona mau memoirs ikaika akuʻoe e hooiaio i ka "maikai manao" o Nazi Kelemānia, akā, manaʻo ia mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa pilikia.
Ke 'ano moʻokalaleo Memories
Memories - he iki okoa hihia. hiki pinepine kēia mau palapala eʻano nui i loko o ka? aeiino? oeoey o ka mōʻaukala kekahi hanana, e like me ka mea noonoo i ka manao o kekahi manawa loa huikau kanaka. Naʻe, i nā mea a pau ka ai na mea, no ka mea, e like me ka pono i loko o nā Memories o kanaka i pinepine haliilii ae i ko ke ao nei, mai ka wahi o Hawaii ho'āpono i ka lima, ina e noho malie e pili ana i na mea he nui o ka papa.
Aloha kau, e like me ka memoirs a me wawe i - palapala hoʻokahi wale nō pilikino i e e hana me kā mākou mālama nui, a me ka pilikia maka. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole he drawback, ma ka kekahi lima, këia mau kumu, e hiki ke hana i kekahi kiʻi pono oiaio o kaʻoihana o ka mōʻaukala wā. O ka holo ana, e oeʻaʻole paha e e hiki ke lawe mai ia i Ka Ikepili, këia i ka bureaucratic pono hana.
Ma ka pololei Ikepili o memoirs
Ka mea ia i, kona mau memoirs mea pinepine i ka waiwai kumu o ka 'ike, a malama ole - outright stupidity. Pinepine, he kanaka ka oiaio, ka mea i kakau iho la ia, ka mea hiki ke hōʻoia wale ma ke kapakai a me nāʻano o ia mau makahiki a me ka palapala.
He mea nui, a me ka hōʻike o ka mea: he kanaka paha hanana i mai ai ma ke alo o ka (a ma ia mau makahiki) hoike. Ka hōʻike o nā kiʻi e e hoʻokokoke me ka hana mālama nui, no ka mea ua ike ua nakinaki aku la ia ia e nui pilikino, akā, i nā hanana (oi loa aku hoi ka poe ma i kanaka aohe pololei pili) ua pinepine i ho'ākāka 'ia loa me ka nui loa. No laila, pehea e lilo i hoʻokokoke ai i ke ao o na memoirs?
Mua o nā mea a pau ia mea nui oe i ike e pili ana i ke kanaka nana i kakau iho ia mau mea. O ka holo ana, ia mea maikaʻi, e hoʻohana mau kumu, a ina he mea hiki - "ola" ola Memories o kona wā. I ka la mahope mea pakahi aku la ia nui mai aneane oiaio, e ae reliably kuhikuhi i ka mea kākau o ka kūlana i loko o ka papa o ka hanana: ia anei ua indifferent Kekahi a lawe ia pili 'ole.
Eia hou kekahi, e pono e hoʻouka i ka hiki kumu o ka mea kākau o ka ike. Loa pinepine, ia mea ma keia iaoia hōʻike candid, he poe wahahee ka poe i hoao i ka lalau wale iho i ka Pohon o ke kaulana a me ka emi kaulana wā.
Loa waiwai 'ole o ka mea i ka palapala noi o kūhelu palapala i na Memories. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokokoke ka loa ano o ka kaʻao Wrangel. He nui no na mea o ka wā irretrievably nalowale paha ka nānaina, no laila, ua mau mea lilo wale transcendent waiwai.
Kokoke i ka ia maoli, ina ua kamailio e pili ana i Memories kaikamahine o kaʻao P. A. Stolypina, i pili i ka palapala noi a pau i ka palapala ma ka aina ana, a i ua i ma kona makua kāne. Eia naʻe, ina Wrangell komo pū i loko o kou mau Memories mau securities ma luna o lākou iho, ka palapala noi i loko o nā memoirs o kana kaikamahine Stolypin mākou aie i ka hoʻopuka puke hale "Contemporary", i noʻonoʻo i kēia mau pepa oiaio hoihoi i loko o kīpoʻohiwi e heluhelu. E like me 'oe ke ike, no ka hoolaha ana o ka hale o ke kookoo, he mau loa akau.
It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka censorship i loko o kekahi palapala a me kekahi i mau i ka wahi: .. Inā loaʻa ka poe ola e puhi ia o ka lahui nui i loko o mākou manawa, ma ka makau manawa, ka Middle Ages, a no laila, i ka maikaʻi loa censor ua makau no kona ola. No laila, eʻoiaʻiʻo, e mālama i ka wā i i keia 'ole kekahi' ē palapala - loa pinepine ka mea kākau Shoes kekahi minuteʻaʻahuʻoluʻolu, akā, mau (ma ka pōʻaiapili) ua hoi aku ia ia hou a me ka hou, e kekahi mau allusions i kona wahi o ka Hawaii.
A i ka mōʻaukala kumu. Mākou manaolana e heluhelu i kēia 'atikala kōkua maikaʻi ia oe.
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